Viscoplastic displacement flows in narrow channels

Les écoulements à déplacement se produisent fréquemment dans les applications naturelles et industrielles. Bien que les déplacements Newtoniens aient été pris en considération dans une grande variété d’études théoriques et expérimentales dans les dernières décennies, un nombre considérable de fluides pratiques présentent des caractéristiques viscoplastiques, rendant la prévision du comportement des écoulements plus difficile. Les écoulement de déplacement viscoplastiques sont généralement contrôlés par un équilibre entre diverses forces, y compris la force visqueuse, la force de flottabilité, la force d’inertie, contrainte d’écoulement, etc., en plus de caractéristiques miscibles et non miscibles. Une compétition entre ces forces peut conduire à des comportements imprévisibles et exotiques de déplacement. Permettant une compréhension approfondie de ces écoulements, dans cette thèse de doctorat nous avons étudié l’écoulement à déplacement d’un fluide viscoplastique par un fluide Newtonien dans une géométrie simple, c.-à-d. un canal étroit et confiné. Dans la première partie de cette thèse (chapitres 1 à 3), nous étudions expérimentalement les écoulements à déplacement non-miscibles d’un fluide viscoplastique par un fluide Newtonien. En particulier, nous analysons le mouvement d’air dans un gel de Carbopol, dans une cellule de Hele-Shaw de section rectangulaire. Cette géométrie est composée de deux plaques parallèles rigides. Nous étudions les résultats en termes d’efficacité de déplacement et de morphologie des modèles d’écoulement. Nous démontrons que les comportements complexes du gel Carbopol, c.-à-d. les fortes propriétés viscoplastiques et les faibles propriétés viscoélastiques, affectent les caractéristiques d’écoulement de déplacement. Ensuite, nous étendons cette étude au déplacement d’un gel de Carbopol par une huile de silicone afin de considérer les effets de la mouillabilité sur l’écoulement. Nous observons qu’une combinaison de comportements viscoplastiques et de mouillabilité exerce un impact significatif sur les modèles d’écoulement à déplacement, pour lesquels quatre régimes d’écoulement différents sont identifiés : un régime capillaire, un régime de contrainte d’écoulement, un régime visqueux et un régime élastoinertiel. Enfin, nous étudions les impacts du rapport d’aspect de la section transversale de la cellule sur les caractéristiques de déplacement viscoplastique. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse (chapitres 4 à 5), nous étudions numériquement les écoulements à déplacement miscibles d’un fluide viscoplastique par un fluide Newtonien dans un long canal plan 2D. Pour un déplacement «heavy-light», l’analyse des modèles d’écoulement en fonction de divers paramètres sans dimension nous permet d’identifier trois régimes d’écoulement distincts : déplacements «center-type»/«slump- type», «back flow»/«no-back flow» et déplacement «stable/instable». Nous décrivons les effets du rapport de viscosité des fluides, de la flottabilité, de la contrainte d’écoulement et de l’inclinaison du canal sur les régimes d’écoulement susmentionnés.Displacement flows frequently occur in natural and industrial applications. Although Newtonian displacements have been considered in a wide range of theoretical and experimental studies in the recent decades, a considerable number of practical fluids exhibit viscoplastic features, making it hard to predict the flow behaviors. Viscoplastic displacement flows are generally controlled by a balance between a variety of forces, including viscous, buoyant, inertial, yield stress, etc., in addition to miscible and immiscible features. A competition between these forces may lead to exotic, unpredictable displacement flow behaviors. To provide a deep understanding of these flows, in this Ph.D. thesis we investigate the displacement flow of a viscoplastic fluid by a Newtonian fluid in a simple flow geometry, i.e., a narrow confined channel. In the first part of this thesis (Chapters 1-3), we experimentally study immiscible displacement flows of a viscoplastic fluid by a Newtonian fluid. In particular, we analyze the invasion of air into a Carbopol gel in a rectangular cross-section Hele-Shaw cell. This flow geometry is composed of two rigid parallel plates with a small gap. We study the results in terms of the displacement efficiency and morphology of the flow patterns. We demonstrate that the complex behaviors of the Carbopol gel, i.e., strong viscoplastic properties and weak viscoelastic properties, affect the displacement flow features. We then extend this study to the displacement of a Carbopol gel by silicon oil in order to consider the effects of wettability on the flow. We observe that a combination of viscoplastic behaviors and wettability exerts a significant impact on the displacement flow patterns, for which four different flow regimes are identified a capillary regime, a yield stress regime, a viscous regime and an elasto-inertial regime. Finally, we investigate the impacts of the cell cross-section aspect ratio on viscoplastic displacement flow features. In the second part of this thesis (Chapters 4-5), we numerically study miscible displacement flows of a viscoplastic fluid by a Newtonian fluid in a long 2D plane channel. For a heavy-light displacement, analyzing the displacement flow patterns as a function of various dimensionless parameters allows us to identify three distinct flow regimes center/slump-type, back/no-backflow and stable/unstable displacements. We describe the effects of the viscosity ratio of fluids, buoyancy, yield stress and channel inclination on the aforementioned flow regimes

A Generative Model for Parts-based Object Segmentation

The Shape Boltzmann Machine (SBM) [1] has recently been introduced as a stateof-the-art model of foreground/background object shape. We extend the SBM to account for the foreground object’s parts. Our new model, the Multinomial SBM (MSBM), can capture both local and global statistics of part shapes accurately. We combine the MSBM with an appearance model to form a fully generative model of images of objects. Parts-based object segmentations are obtained simply by performing probabilistic inference in the model. We apply the model to two challenging datasets which exhibit significant shape and appearance variability, and find that it obtains results that are comparable to the state-of-the-art. There has been significant focus in computer vision on object recognition and detection e.g. [2], but a strong desire remains to obtain richer descriptions of objects than just their bounding boxes. One such description is a parts-based object segmentation, in which an image is partitioned into multiple sets of pixels, each belonging to either a part of the object of interest, or its background. The significance of parts in computer vision has been recognized since the earliest days of th

Lightfield Analysis and Its Applications in Adaptive Optics and Surveillance Systems

An image can only be as good as the optics of a camera or any other imaging system allows it to be. An imaging system is merely a transformation that takes a 3D world coordinate to a 2D image plane. This can be done through both linear/non-linear transfer functions. Depending on the application at hand it is easier to use some models of imaging systems over the others in certain situations. The most well-known models are the 1) Pinhole model, 2) Thin Lens Model and 3) Thick lens model for optical systems. Using light-field analysis the connection through these different models is described. A novel figure of merit is presented on using one optical model over the other for certain applications. After analyzing these optical systems, their applications in plenoptic cameras for adaptive optics applications are introduced. A new technique to use a plenoptic camera to extract information about a localized distorted planar wave front is described. CODEV simulations conducted in this thesis show that its performance is comparable to those of a Shack-Hartmann sensor and that they can potentially increase the dynamic range of angles that can be extracted assuming a paraxial imaging system. As a final application, a novel dual PTZ-surveillance system to track a target through space is presented. 22X optic zoom lenses on high resolution pan/tilt platforms recalibrate a master-slave relationship based on encoder readouts rather than complicated image processing algorithms for real-time target tracking. As the target moves out of a region of interest in the master camera, it is moved to force the target back into the region of interest. Once the master camera is moved, a precalibrated lookup table is interpolated to compute the relationship between the master/slave cameras. The homography that relates the pixels of the master camera to the pan/tilt settings of the slave camera then continue to follow the planar trajectories of targets as they move through space at high accuracies

Consensus Message Passing for Layered Graphical Models

Generative models provide a powerful framework for probabilistic reasoning. However, in many domains their use has been hampered by the practical difficulties of inference. This is particularly the case in computer vision, where models of the imaging process tend to be large, loopy and layered. For this reason bottom-up conditional models have traditionally dominated in such domains. We find that widely-used, general-purpose message passing inference algorithms such as Expectation Propagation (EP) and Variational Message Passing (VMP) fail on the simplest of vision models. With these models in mind, we introduce a modification to message passing that learns to exploit their layered structure by passing 'consensus' messages that guide inference towards good solutions. Experiments on a variety of problems show that the proposed technique leads to significantly more accurate inference results, not only when compared to standard EP and VMP, but also when compared to competitive bottom-up conditional models.Comment: Appearing in Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS) 201